Author: Jonathan Dowd-Gailey
Publication: Middle East Quarterly
Date: June 2, 2004
URL: http://frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=13615
The northern Virginia-based Muslim
Students' Association (MSA) might easily be taken for a benign student
religious group. It promotes itself as a benevolent, non-political entity
devoted to the simple virtue of celebrating Islam and providing college
students a healthy venue to develop their faith and engage in philanthropy.
Along these lines, its constitution declares the MSA's mission as serving
"the best interest of Islam and Muslims in the United States and Canada
so as to enable them to practice Islam as a complete way of life."[1]
Today, over 150 MSA chapters exist
on American college campuses (divided into five regional chapters), easily
establishing this organization as the most extensive Muslim student organization
in North America. A Washington, D.C.-based national office assists in the
establishment of constituent chapters and oversees fundraising and conferences
while steering a plethora of special committees and "Political Action Task
Forces."
Yet consider some of these recent
activities of the MSA:
* At a meeting in Queensborough
Community College in New York in March 2003, a guest speaker named Faheed
declared, "We reject the U.N., reject America, reject all law and order.
Don't lobby Congress or protest because we don't recognize Congress. The
only relationship you should have with America is to topple it ... Eventually
there will be a Muslim in the White House dictating the laws of Shariah."[2]
* During an October 2000 anti-Israeli
protest, former MSA president Ahmed Shama at the University of California,
Los Angeles (UCLA) stood before the Israeli consulate in Los Angeles, shouting
"Victory to Islam! Death to the Jews!" MSA West president Sohail Shakr
declared at the same rally, "the biggest impediment to peace [in the Middle
East] has been the existence of the Zionist entity in the middle of the
Muslim world."[3]
* Prior to September 11, 2001, the
MSA formally assisted three Islamic charities in fundraising: the Holy
Land Foundation, Global Relief, and Benevolence Foundation. After that
date, all three were accused by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
of having serious links to terrorism and were ordered closed. The MSA issued
a formal statement of protest: "How three of the nation's largest Muslim
charities could be made inoperable at the peak of the giving season of
Ramadan seemed unbelievable."[4]
This is only the tip of the iceberg.
There is overwhelming evidence that the MSA, far from being a benign student
society, is an overtly political organization seeking to create a single
Muslim voice on U.S. campuses-a voice espousing Wahhabism, anti-Americanism,
and anti-Semitism, agitating aggressively against U.S. Middle East policy,
and expressing solidarity with militant Islamist ideologies, sometimes
with criminal results.
A Saudi Creation
On its website, the MSA describes
its emergence as spontaneous and disavows any link to foreign governments.[5]
In fact, the creation of the MSA resulted from Saudi-backed efforts to
found Islamic bodies internationally in the 1960s. Alex Alexiev of the
Center for Security Policy states, "The Saudis over the years set up a
number of large front organizations, such as the World Muslim League, the
World Assembly of Muslim Youth, the Al Haramain Foundation, and a great
number of Islamic "charities." While invariably claiming that they were
private, all of these groups were tightly controlled and financed by the
Saudi government and the Wahhabi clergy."[6]
In the United States, two leading
Saudi-backed organizations were the MSA and the Islamic Society of North
America (the MSA's adult counterpart), both of which received major funding,
direction, and influence from Riyadh.
Personnel, money, and institutional
linkages bound these organizations together from their inception, and all
roads led eventually to Riyadh. Ahmad Totonji, an MSA co-founder, later
served as vice-president for the notorious Saudi SAAR Foundation (a network
of charities named after Saudi benefactor Sulayman 'Abd al-'Aziz ar-Rajhi),
which closed down in 2001 after federal agents discovered links to terrorist
groups.[7] Another MSA co-founder, Ahmad Sakr, served on a number of Saudi-affiliated
organizations, such as the World Council of Mosques. The MSA is very much
a result of Saudi "petro-Islam" diplomacy.
Current estimates suggest that the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia spends $4 billion annually on international aid,
with two-thirds of that sum devoted to strictly Islamic development. Much
of this largesse has ended up at Islamist organizations like MSA. Funded
through private donations or through foundations and charities (only some
of which the MSA officially reports),[8] MSA offers its Saudi benefactors
a powerful tool. However, until the MSA's tax records are made public (on
January 14, 2004, the Senate Finance Committee publicized a list of Islamic
organizations whose financial records are sought, including the MSA),[9]
the exact extent of foreign funding for the organization cannot be known.
But even without the tax records,
there is plenty of evidence for the MSA's strident advocacy of the Saudi-style
Wahhabi interpretation of Islam. In "Wahhabism: A Critical Essay," Hamid
Algar of the University of California-Berkeley writes, "Some Muslim student
organizations have functioned at times as Saudi-supported channels for
the propagation of Wahhabism abroad, especially in the United States ...
Particularly in the 1960s and 1970s, no criticism of Saudi Arabia would
be tolerated at the annual conventions of the MSA. The organization has,
in fact, consistently advocated theological and political positions derived
from radical Islamist organizations, including the Muslim Brotherhood and
Jamaati Islam."[10]
The MSA has played a major role
in spreading Wahhabism. "Its numerous local chapters," Algar explains,
"would make available at every Friday prayer large stacks of the [Mecca-based]
World Muslim League's publications, in both English and Arabic. Although
the MSA progressively diversified its connections with Arab states, official
approval of Wahhabism remained strong."[11]
Stephen Schwartz goes further, stating
in his June 2003 testimony to the U.S. Senate's Subcommittee on Terrorism
and Homeland Security, "Shia and other non-Wahhabi Muslim community leaders
estimate that 80 percent of American mosques out of a total ranging between
an official estimate of 1,200 and an unofficial figure of 4-6,000 are under
Wahhabi control ... Wahhabi control over mosques means control of property,
buildings, appointment of imams, training of imams, content of preaching
including faxing of Friday sermons from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and of literature
distributed in mosques and mosque bookstores, notices on bulletin boards,
and organizational and charitable solicitation ... The main organizations
that have carried out this campaign are the Islamic Society of North America
(ISNA), which originated in the Muslim Students' Association of the U.S.
and Canada (MSA), and the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR)."[12]
The MSA reflects a prime characteristic
of militant Islamic groups: a refusal to acknowledge the legitimacy of
secular society and personal spirituality. The MSA's Starters Guide contains
an open call to Islamicize campus politics: "It should be the long-term
goal of every MSA to Islamicize the politics of their respective university
... the politicization of the MSA means to make the MSA more of a force
on internal campus politics. The MSA needs to be a more "In-your-face"
association."[13]
All of this, the guide explains,
results from the MSA's duty "to bring morality back into the campus" and
to convince students to practice Islam "as a complete way of life."
In the process, the MSA preaches
a creed of "special treatment" and "self-segregation" that sounds reminiscent
of, and may actually borrow from, Afro-centric campus politics of the 1990s.
Demanding that universities be more "Muslim-friendly," the MSA's newly
established National Religious Accommodations Task Force (RATF) directs
local MSA chapters to insist that universities provide separate housing
and meals for Muslims only.[14]
The politics of segregation practiced
by the MSA have included blanket marginalization of its own female members.
Shabana Mir, writing for the American Muslim, summarizes the plight of
Muslim women on campus: "It is particularly important to know what is happening
with Muslim women pursuing higher education. Many Muslim women in MSAs
are working toward the justice and the equality that Islam ordains for
humankind. A survey of sisters' participation in MSAs conducted in 1994
shows that women's activism in MSAs is at an abysmally low level due in
large part to "brother domination." A related problem is "there is a common
attitude that strict segregation should exist between the genders and that
sisters should not appear in public!" On an MSA mailing list, a popular
article gives a long list of conditions that women must fulfill to gain
access to the mosque. These include obtaining permission from her male
guardian, wearing hijab [veil], not wearing "fancy clothes" or perfume,
not mixing with men, leaving immediately after the prayer, and so on!"
[15]
Political Monopoly
Just as the MSA promotes a single
theology, it similarly projects a monolithic political voice, one openly
antagonistic to Muslim American diversity and in complete opposition to
existing U.S. foreign policy. Although Muslim students in the United States
exhibit the full range of political views found in America today, the MSA
invariably adopts lopsided adversarial positions, as in these three cases:
Patriot Act: The MSA categorically
opposes this legislation, describing it as "infamous." Chapters across
the country have agitated against it, as well as against virtually every
other security initiative since 9/11. At an MSA rally at the University
of Pennsylvania, the co-chair of Muslims for Justice declared, "the Patriot
Act is sending us in a backwards spiral, where the destination is chaos."[16]
Afghanistan: The MSA opposed the
military intervention against the Taliban regime, instead calling for a
"police investigation." MSA National further advised that the entire matter
would be best addressed at the International Criminal Tribunal. MSA chapters
organized rallies demanding a ceasefire and held "Solidarity Fasts" to
honor Afghans who, the MSA charged, would face massive starvation as a
result of the war.
Iraq: Even before the crisis of
2003, the MSA opposed every U.S. policy towards Iraq over the last twelve
years. It strongly opposed the United Nations (U.N.)-authorized sanctions,
claiming that the sanctions were "nothing short of a systematic genocide
being carried out against civilian people."[17] The MSA condemned former
president Clinton's 1998 strike against Iraq following Saddam Hussein's
ouster of U.N. weapons inspectors, declaring that its "brothers and sisters
in Iraq are once again being terrorized by the self- appointed champions
of democracy."[18]
MSA National consistently pledges
support for the war on terror and claims to merely "represent" student
views. But it maintains control of the political agenda, leaving the chapters
simply to mobilize support. Its chapters pointedly ignored the New York
Shi'ites who held vigils for their Iraqi brethren and the Michigan Kurds
who rallied for Hussein's ouster. The MSA's decision to mobilize against
the Bush administration took place without public debate and with no attempt
at representing diverse views within the MSA. This approach is in keeping
with the MSA's goal, as its official literature states, that the student
body "be convinced that there is such a thing as a Muslim-bloc."[19]
Muslim students who refuse to submit
to the MSA's position often find themselves harassed by their MSA peers.
Oubai Shahbandar, an Arizona State University (ASU) student, expressed
support for the Iraqi invasion and suffered condemnation from MSA members.
Shahbandar states, "When I, a proud American of Arab descent and Muslim
faith, took a stand on behalf of the liberation of my oppressed Iraqi brethren,
the ASU Muslim Students' Association personally attacked me for not being
a real Muslim and announced to the ASU student body in editorials in the
student paper that I, Oubai Mohammad Shahbandar, was a hater of Arabs and
Muslims."
Shahbandar also explains what the
MSA preaches on his campus: "We are told America's foreign policy is based
on racist neo-imperialism; we are taught that national security is a foul
epithet to be reviled; we are told the Jews and Israel are to blame for
the hatred against us."[20]
Playing the Victim
The MSA's adoption of the politics
of victimization is reminiscent of wider campus trends of the 1990s. In
the days immediately after the 9/11 attacks, the MSA stated, "In light
of the Bush administration's casting blame for the attack on Osama Bin
Laden, MSA National recognizes that Muslim students on college campuses
will be subject to backlash."
Ominously, an "awareness" document
describes post 9/11 Homeland Security policies in the same terms as do
extremist Muslims abroad-that is, as an assault explicitly against Islam.
America: Post 9/11, an MSA document, states, "Soon after [9/11], the attacks
against our religion began at the hands of the media and the political
establishment."[21]
Not surprisingly, the MSA has expressed
resistance, outrage, and cynicism with virtually every high-profile arrest
of Muslim Americans charged with conspiring with terrorists. When former
University of South Florida (USF) professor Sami al-Arian was arrested
for directing U.S. operations for the terrorist group Palestinian Islamic
Jihad, the Florida campus MSA chapter held a press conference and stated:
"We come before you today on behalf of the Muslim Student Association at
USF as well as the National Muslim Student Association of the U.S. and
Canada to express our shock, deep concern, and plea for justice regarding
the recent arrests of two USF professors, Dr. Sami al-Arian and Sameeh
Hammoudeh ... we are concerned that the USF professors were arrested for
their political views."
The problem is that the MSA has
been unable or unwilling to recognize that some Muslims, including its
members, have crossed the line between political advocacy and material
support for jihadist activities. In fact, MSA members and activities have
repeatedly surfaced in police investigations. Some of these arrests received
national media coverage, including the following:
* In February 2003, former head
of the MSA chapter at the University of Idaho, Sami Omar al-Hussayen, was
arrested with an indictment that he raised over $300,000 for the Islamic
Assembly of North America, a group under federal investigation for funding
terrorist groups. FBI agents believed Hussayen was communicating with two
radical clerics, nicknamed the "awakening sheikhs," known for inspiring
young Muslims to pursue the path of jihad and credited as major ideological
mentors to Osama bin Laden.[22]
* In April 2003, the home of Arizona
State University MSA president Hassan Alrafea was raided by the FBI, whose
agents confiscated his computer and unspecified documents.[23]
Extreme Friends
In 2002, when the number of anti-Semitic
attacks in Europe hit a twelve-year high, French Jewish leader Roger Cukierman
observed a peculiar phenomenon on the European street -a loose fusing of
extreme Left, Right, and Muslim political forces-what Cukierman terms the
"brown-green-red alliance."[24] The three disparate constituencies have
incompatible ideologies, but all three have a shared hatred for the pluralized
world order, globalized market economies, U.S. preponderance, and the state
of Israel. Cukierman has observed these forces forming an alliance of convenience
in the post-9/11 world with potentially dangerous results.
The same pattern is also emerging
in the United States with groups of the extreme Left forging bonds with
specific Muslim organizations, and here again we find the MSA figures prominently.
Given the MSA's propensity for radical politics in a campus environment,
it is no surprise that it has become arguably the Muslim organization most
enmeshed with American leftists. Consider the following:
* Perhaps as a reward for its total
opposition to every U.S. policy since the September 2001 attacks, the MSA
has been given a seat on the steering committee for International ANSWER
(Act Now to Stop War and End Racism). ANSWER is an organization dedicated
to defending rogue states and fighting "U.S. imperialism," and has been
distinguished by its ability to organize the largest peace demonstrations
in North America. ANSWER was formed by International Action Center, a communist
organization that supports Stalinist regimes worldwide, including North
Korea and Hussein's Iraq. [25]
* In its aggressive protest activities
against recent Middle East wars, the MSA has developed strong working ties
with numerous activist groups of the extreme Left. Among them: Free Palestine
Alliance, Nicaragua Network, Kensington Welfare Rights Union, Mexico Solidarity
Network, Korea Truth Commission, Young Communist League, Young Peoples'
Socialist League, and Black Radical Congress.
As these examples suggest, the MSA
boasts institutional ties with a host of radical issue-specific activist
groups, all of them vehemently opposed to U.S. policy, and many of them
openly anti-American.
The Center for Security Policy's
Alex Alexiev argues, "The majority of Muslim Student Associations at U.S.
colleges are dominated by Islamist and anti-American agendas, as are most
of the numerous Islamic centers and schools financed by the Saudis. Intolerance
and outright rejection of American values and democratic ideals are often
taught also in the growing number of Deobandi schools that are frequently
subsidized by the Saudis."[26]
The following examples illustrate
both the degree and pervasiveness of hate-America vitriol that characterize
the MSA:
* Taliban propaganda is featured
on the website of the University of Southern California MSA chapter.[27]
* One featured article in Al-Talib
(a magazine developed by the UCLA chapter of the MSA and not affiliated
with the Taliban of Afghanistan) entitled, "The Spirit of Jihad," praised
Osama bin Laden as a "prominent Muslim activist." The article goes on to
say, "When we hear someone refer to the great mujahideen Osama bin Laden
as a 'terrorist,' we should defend our brother and refer to him as a freedom
fighter; someone who has forsaken wealth and power to fight in Allah's
cause and speak out against oppressors." [28]
* Another Al-Talib article entitled
"Americanization" states, "A dangerous weapon has once again been unfurled
by the U.S. military in this War on Terrorism ... This weapon comes in
the form of cultural warfare ... In this new War on Terrorism, the colossal
brunt of this production machine is now squarely targeted at the Muslim
population." [29]
* At an Al-Talib event to offer
support for Imam Jamil al-Amin, convicted of killing a policeman, guest
speaker Imam Abdul-Alim Musa said, "When you fight [the U.S.] you are fighting
someone that is superior in criminality and Nazism ... the American criminalizer
is the most skillful oppressor the world has ever known ...They beat the
British at everything, isn't that right? They are a better colonizer, a
better murderer, a better killer, a better liar, a better thief, a better
infiltrator than old British." [30]
This anti-Americanism blends together
almost seamlessly with a virulent discourse against the Jews and Israel.
Consider the following:
* At the 2001 MSA West conference,
hosted by UCLA, cleric Imam Muhammad al-Asi stated, "Israel is as racist
as apartheid could ever be ... you can take a Jew out of the ghetto, but
you can't take the ghetto out of the Jew."[31]
* The MSA continues to celebrate
violence against Israel on its websites. At the MSA Northwest site, for
example, images of Hamas suicide squads and child soldiers are proudly
displayed above jihadist poetry, whose verse (erratically capitalized)
celebrates violence: "...two soldiers spotted me in their sight ... i had
to blast 4 shots hitting each one in the face and waist. a trace of blood
drips from my arm as i make my away thru streets with an injured zionist
as a hostage ... seen a group of israeli soldiers run out and began pulling
the trigger when sounds of rounds began playing a deadly melody. Each gun
dropped two ..." [32]
* In 2002, the MSA at the University
of Michigan helped host the Second National Student Conference for Palestine
Solidarity Movement. At that conference, one of the guest speakers was
ex-University of Florida professor Sami al-Arian, who is now awaiting trial
on terrorism-related charges.
Self-Defeating
Ironically, although one of the
founding missions of the MSA is to increase favorable awareness of Muslim
life among non-Muslims, the effect of the MSA's activities is the opposite:
they confirm the worst suspicions of American society at large. The MSA's
refusal to identify jihadists and jihadist sympathizers within its ranks,
its indiscriminate opposition to U.S. policies following the September
11 attacks, its vitriolic anti-American and anti-Israeli rhetoric, and
its solidarity with "Leftover Left" radical activist organizations, together
reinforce an image that the MSA, and by extension, Muslim college students,
are a divisive, angry, and potentially violent group on our campuses. By
monopolizing the Muslim student voice in America with "radical chic" to
create a "single Muslim bloc," an opportunity to forge a healthy discourse
on the diverse attitudes of Muslim students is lost to the confrontational
language of radical dissent and resistance.
Universities that host student organizations
have an obligation to enforce basic standards of conduct, standards that
the MSA has clearly breached. At the very least, MSA's most egregious behavior
must face censure from those responsible for monitoring student conduct.
University administrators must unchain themselves from cultural relativism
and the ideology of "validation" and deal squarely with such misdeeds.
More importantly, however, the problem
of the Muslim Students' Association illustrates the great question that
confronts the West today: how does it cultivate liberalism in Muslim communities
living at home and abroad? Just as the U.S. policy of détente with
the Arab world collapsed after September 11, to be replaced by a "forward
strategy of democracy," it may be time to adopt a "forward strategy" within
U.S. borders, focused on promoting moderate voices in mosques and campuses.
To improve campus life for Muslims and non-Muslims alike, universities
should work with moderate students to inaugurate a new Muslim students'
organization, one that eschews the radical politics of the "old world"
in favor of authenticity, diversity, and integration. A new Muslim student
organization would return to the primary mission of religiously-based campus
groups-to celebrate and share in the fellowship of faith.
*
Notes:
[1] "The Constitution of the Muslim
Students' Association of the U.S. and Canada," Muslim Students' Association
of the U.S. and Canada, Washington, D.C., at http://www.msa- national.org/about/constitution.html.
[2] WorldNetDaily, Mar. 18, 2003,
at http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=31571.
[3] Frontpage Magazine, Apr. 4,
2003, at http://www.frontpagemagazine.com/Articles/Printable.asp?ID=7098.
[4] Sakeena Mirza and Ameena Qazi,
"Robbing the Poor," al-Talib, vol. 12, no. 3, at http://www.al-talib.com/articles/v12_i3_a04.htm.
[5] "A Little Taste of History,"
Muslim Students' Association of U.S. and Washington, D.C., at http://www.msa-national.org/about/history.html.
[6] Alex Alexiev, "The Missing
Link in the War on Terror: Confronting Saudi Subversion," Center for Security
Policy, at http://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/ index.jsp?section=static&page=alexiev.
[7] FrontPage Magazine, Apr. 23,
2003, at http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=7395.
[8] "List of Organizations that
Donate Islamic Books and Da'wah Materials," Muslim Students' Association
of the U.S. and Canada, Washington, D.C., at http://www.msa- natl.org/resources/Donation_Books.html.
[9] "Senators Request Tax Information
on Muslim Charities for Probe," Bureau of International Information Programs,
U.S. Department of State, Jan. 14, 2003, at http:// usinfo.state.gov/xarchives/display.html?p=washfile-english&y=2004&m=January&x=20040114155543zemogb0.8868524&t=usinfo/wf-latest.html.
For details, see http:// www.danielpipes.org/blog/164.
[10] Hamid Algar, "Wahhabism: A
Critical Essay," in Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Adair T. Lummis, eds., Islamic
Values in the United States (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), p.
124.
[11] Ibid..
[12] Stephen Schwartz, "Terrorism:
Growing Wahhabi Influence in the United States," testimony before the U.S.
Senate Committee on the Judiciary, June 26, 2003, at http:// www.globalsecurity.org/security/library/congress/2003_h/030626-schwartz.htm.
[13] MSA Starter's Guide: A Guide
on How to Run a Successful MSA, 1st ed. (Washington, D.C.: Muslim Students'
Association of the U.S. and Canada, Mar. 1996), at http:/ /www.msa-natl.org/publications/startersguide.html.
[14] "Religious Accommodations
Task Force," Muslim Students' Association of the U.S. and Canada, Washington,
D.C., at http://www.msa-national.org/taskforces/ religious.html.
[15] Shabana Mir, "Gender-based
Exclusionism at a Muslim Student Association, Part I," The American Muslim,
July/Aug. 2003, at http://www.theamericanmuslim.org/ 2003jul_comments.php?id=347_0_21_0_C.
[16] "Rally against the Patriot
Act," University of Pennsylvania Muslim Students' Association, at http://www.upenn-msa.org/subcommittees/pmj/patriotact.html.
[17] "MSA National Demands an Immediate
End to the Inhumane U.N. Sanctions," Muslim Students' Association of the
U.S. and Canada, Washington, D.C., Apr. 6, 2001, at http://www.msa-national.org/media/pressreleases/040601.html.
[18] "Muslim Students Condemn U.S.
Attack on Iraq," Muslim Students' Association of the U.S. and Canada, Washington,
D.C., Dec. 17, 1998 at http://www.msa-national.org/ media/pressreleases/121798.html.
[19] MSA Starter's Guide, at http://www.msa-natl.org/publications/startersguide.html.
[20] Oubai Mohammad Shahbandar,
"Open Letter from an Arab-American Student," FrontPage Magazine, June 2,
2003, at http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ Printable.asp?ID=8143.
[21] "MSA National Political Action
Task Force, America: Post 9/11," Muslim Students' Association of the U.S.
and Canada, Washington, D.C., at http://www.msa-national.org/ media/actionalerts/political.pdf.
[22] The Wall Street Journal, May
29, 2003.
[23] Oubai Shahbandar, "U.S. Muslims
as Patriots," The Arizona Republic, Oct. 11, 2003.
[24] Quoted by Mark Strauss, "Anti-Globalism's
Jewish Problem," Foreign Policy, Nov./Dec. 2003.
[25] "National Conference against
War, Colonial Occupation and Imperialism, May 17-18, New York City," ANSWER,
at http://www.internationalanswer.org/news/update/ 041203m17conf.html.
[26] Alexiev, "This Missing Link
on the War on Terror," at http://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/index.jsp?section=static&page=alexiev.
[27] Syed Rahmatullah Hashimi,
"Taliban in Afghanistan," University of Southern California, Los Angeles,
Mar. 10, 2001, at http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/Taliban/ talebanlec.html.
[28] Al-Talib, July 1999, quoted
in FrontPageMagazine.com, Apr. 23, 2003, at http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/Printable.asp?ID=7113.
Al-Talib is listed as an official MSA Project by the UCLA chapter of MSA,
at http://www.msa-ucla.com/projects.htm.
[29] Ghaith Mahmood, "Americanization:
Solutions for a Small Planet?" al-Talib, vol. 12, no. 3, at http://www.al-talib.com/articles/v12_i3_a05.htm.
[30] Erick Stakelbeck, "Islamic
Radicals on Campus," FrontPage Magazine, Apr. 23, 2003, at http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=7395.
[31]"UCLA Sponsors of Terrorism,"
FrontPage Magazine, Apr. 4, 2003, at http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=7098.
[32] Atlantiz Miztery, "Palestine
in War," South Seattle Community College Muslim Students' Association,
at http://sscc.msanw.org/forum.htm.