Intro: How the militants fighting
Pakistan's covert war with India are trained for battle and martyrdom
Author: Ghulam Hasnain in Islamabad
and Muzaffarabad
Publications: India Today
Dated: October 29, 2001
Four Bearded militants warm themselves
at a gas heater in an Islamabad safe house. A wireless set suddenly crackles.
"Our boys have entered Srinagar Airport, a grave, distant-sounding voice
announces. The voice, speaking in Urdu and broadcasting from deep within
India's part of Kashmir, is detailing the progress of a suicide mission
by Lashkar-e-Toiba, a ruthless, Pakistan-based militant group waging war
to wrest Kashmir from India. Other militant groups in Pakistan can tune
in to the same radio frequency. So can the Pakistani military. A phone
in the house rings, and one of the men, all members of Lashkar-e-Toiba,
answers. He is asked what's happening. His reply: "Why don't you find out
from your side?" After hanging up, he explains the caller was a Pakistani
army colonel.
That scene occurred in early January.
Five Lashkar operatives disguised as police officers attempted to attack
the Srinagar airport that day. But Indian Army guards turned them away,
and the operation was aborted. However, a second attempt a few days later
succeeded, leaving six Lashkar-e-Toiba men and four policemen dead. Two
civilians were killed and 12 injured.
Since Kashmir erupted in 1989, India
has pointed a blunt and unwavering finger at Pakistan, accusing it of fomenting
the entire problem. It's a large and cynical exaggeration: anti-Indian
sentiment runs high within Kashmir, and in the first half of the 1990s,
Kashmir is themselves provided the steam in the anti-Indian militant movement.
They were disorganised and willing to murder, but passionate and anxious
to plead their nationalist cause with the outside world.
Today, however, India's charge rings
a lot truer. Despite a decade of denials--Islamabad insists it provides
only moral and political support, not training or tangible aid--Pakistan
is fuelling militant activity in Kashmir. Of the five main militant groups
operating in Kashmir, four are based in Pakistan, where open recruiting
and fundraising are commonplace. Training of militants is also done on
Pakistani soil. The Pakistani military is deeply involved, especially in
the smuggling of anti-Indian militants across the Line of Control.
Militant groups have roots all over
Pakistan, from well-equipped training centres in Muzaffarabad--the capital
of Pakistan's slice of Kashmir--and the North West Frontier Province to
Lahore and Islamabad. Here is an inside look at how Pakistan runs its covert
war in Kashmir:
RECRUITING AND TRAINING
There are thousands of young, motivated
Pakistani men anxious to join the militancy in Kashmir, which they consider
a holy war. They come from all walks of life: not merely from the religious
schools known as madarsas, or the far-flung, poverty-mired towns and villages,
but also from Pakistan's educated and westernised middle and upper classes.
And for these highly religious volunteers, many of whom are still in their
teens, there is nothing more sacred in life than achieving the status of
a martyr. These are the grunts in the war. The leaders are Pakistani veterans
of the Afghan war.
The largest training camp in Pakistan
is run by the Lashkar-e-Toiba, a wing of an Afghan mujahideen group known
as Markaz Al Dawa Wal Irshad. It is set on a vast mountain clearing overlooking
Muzaffarabad. Armed men guard the facility round-the-clock. There are only
two structures, one an armoury, the other a kitchen. Trainees live and
sleep in the open. The field is dotted with installations used to teach
the fervent young-some no older than 14-how to cross a river, climb a mountain
or ambush a military convoy.
The day of a trainee begins at four
in the morning. After offering prayers, the militants go for exercises.
A breakfast of tea and bread is at eight, followed by a full day of rigorous
drills, which are interrupted only for prayers and a simple lunch, usually
rice and lentils. Course-work covers how to use sidearms, sniper rifles,
grenades, rocket launchers and wireless radio sets, as well as the art
of constructing bombs. The teachers are Lashkar veterans of action in Kashmir
and Afghanistan. Sports, music and television are forbidden. Trainees are
only allowed to read prescreened newspaper articles.
Training is divided into two stages.
The first three-week session gives religious education and basic knowledge
of how to handle firearms. Once a volunteer has passed that course, which
costs the organisation about $ 330 (about Rs 15, 500) per trainee, he is
sent to a designated city or town, often near his birthplace, to work at
the group's offices and become more involved with the organisation.
When a volunteer proves himself
capable, motivated and loyal, he is enrolled in a special three-month commando
boot camp, which costs the group $1,700 (roughly Rs 80, 000) per student.
(The money is raised from overseas groups and the Pakistani public.) In
the Final weeks, recruits use live ammunition, construct actual explosives
and perfect ambush techniques. The Final exam lasts three days. A group
of trainees, sometimes as large as 100 individuals, hikes and climbs through
high-altitude, wooded terrain for three days without food or sleep. They
are not allowed to slow their pace except for a few naps. At the end the
hungry and thirsty survivors are given a goat, a knife and a matchbox.
That's their reward, and they have to cook and eat it in warlike conditions.
GOING IN
Only the fittest from each graduating
group are given a chance at martyrdom across the border in Kashmir. The
local commander makes his choice, and the fortunate few are despatched
to safe houses along the Line of Control known as "launching pads". At
this point, the Pakistani Army plays a crucial role in helping to arrange
the infiltration of the militants across the Line of Control. Militants
officially deny Pakistani Army involvement, but those who fought in Kashmir
tell Time that the wait at the launching pad is dictated by their leaders,
who are in touch with the army. "Until an unmarked vehicle turns up at
your safe house, " says a veteran of Al-Badr, the First Pakistan-based
militant organisation to get members across the line, "you don't know when
your number will come."
When it does, this is what happens:
"The vehicle, covered from all sides, will pick up two, three or four militants
according to the plan and dump them at one of the forward posts of the
Pakistani Army, " the AI-Badr veteran says. "People in civvies give us
arms, ammunition, food and money [Indian currency]. We are asked to check
our weapons. After a day or two they give us the signal to go ahead. "
The next step is the most hazardous:
from the Pakistani Army post, the group embarks on a three-to-seven night
journey into Indian-controlled Kashmir, travelling by night, hiding during
the day. The group leader wears night-vision goggles. The rest follow blindly
across the mountains. There are numerous obstacles: Indian mines, tracer
flares, Indian border patrols anxious to shoot at them. "But whenever such
a situation arises," says a Lashkar militant, "the Pakistani guns come
to our rescue to provide cover."
Militants making the return trip
go through a reverse route, ending up at a Pakistani Army base. In the
1990s, the Pakistani militants hired local guides--ethnic Kashmiris--to
help them get across the mountains and into India. "On a number of occasions,"
says Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi, 42, the supreme commander of the Lashkar-e-Toiba
militants, "they took the money and tipped off the Indians. So we trained
our own manpower." In other words, the Pakistani militants don't always
trust the Kashmiris on whose behalf they are waging this war. The Pakistani
militancy, which had its roots in the Afghan war, is now an institution
unto itself.