Author: Special Correspondent
Publication: The Hindu
Date: March 12, 2003
URL: http://www.thehindu.com/2007/03/12/stories/2007031203811300.htm
Historian traces the origins of the cult to
the Vaishnavite saints, Alwars
Historical evidences are aplenty to show that
the Rama cult took birth and evolved in the south, the `Dravida' country,
and later got assimilated into the religious psyche of the North, says Suvira
Jaiswal, historian. There are also inscriptional evidences to dismiss the
attempt to link the rise of the cult of Rama to `Muslim' invasion of India
in the 12th-13th centuries, she says.
In her S. C. Misra Memorial Lecture titled
`The Making of a Hegemonic Tradition: The Cult of Rama Dasarathi' delivered
at the ongoing 67th Session of the Indian History Congress, Professor Jaiswal
said that it was possible to trace the gradual emergence of a full-fledged
Rama cult in the Dravida country. The Vaishnavite saints of the south, Alwars
sang in praise of the local cult-spots as sanctified by the presence of their
favourite deities. This gave scope for the identification of various places
as scenes of events associated with the characters of Ramayana and celebration
of the existing temples as that of Rama.
Clear evidence of the setting up of shrines
for the Rama incarnation of Vishnu was available from the 10th century onwards
in the Chola and Pandya kingdoms, which had been the locale of Alwar activities,
she said.
Sacred Ayodhya
Interestingly, the Rama temples were called
`sacred Ayodhya,' lending credence to the view that the concept of Ayodhya
of Rama was originally mythical, having little to do with modern Ayodhya .
``It reminds one of the famous saying Tulasidas, Avadhu tahaan jahaan Raama
nivaasu, meaning ``wherever Rama resides, that is Ayodhya.''
Worshippers of Siva
Although the Chola kings were worshippers
of Siva and constructed magnificent Siva temples, several of them assumed
titles suggestive of their identification with Rama. For instance, Aditya
Chola (AD 871-907), who claimed to have built several Siva temples on the
banks of the Cauvery, assumed the title `Kodandarama.' His son Paranthaka
I called himself Samgraama Raghavam, i.e; Rama in battle.
The devise of using religious myths and symbols
for the glorification of contemporary rulers had a long history in the brahminical
tradition and was not exclusive to Ramology.
A thorough weaving of the brahminical philosophy
and social ethics into the story of Rama was to be found in the Adhyatma Ramayana,
a work assigned to the 14th or early 15th century.
Social message
Professor Jaiswal said a close connection
of the Rama cult with the brahminical social order and its implications were
often underplayed by stressing upon its so-called liberating potential, as
it opened the path of `bhakti' to all irrespective of caste and gender.
But the entire range of religious literature
on Rama-bhakti in the `saguna' stream has a very clear social message: God
is universally accessible and grants salvation to all those who worship him
with devotion, but he does not allow any violation of caste rules and disrespect
to brahmans, regardless of their qualifications.
Respect for caste hierarchy and its rules
despite the irrelevance of caste status in the pursuit of liberation had been
the essential feature of Vaishnavism from its first exposition in the Bhagavad
Gita, Professor Jaiswal said.
