Author: Julian E. Barnes, Matthew Rosenberg
and Habib Khan Totakhil
Publication: The Wall Street Journal
Date: October 5, 2010
URL: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704689804575536241251361592.html
Members of Pakistan's spy agency are pressing
Taliban field commanders to fight the U.S. and its allies in Afghanistan,
some U.S. officials and Afghan militants say, a development that undercuts
a key element of the Pentagon's strategy for ending the war.
The explosive accusation is the strongest yet in a series of U.S. criticisms
of Pakistan, and shows a deteriorating relationship with an essential ally
in the Afghan campaign. The U.S. has provided billions of dollars in military
and development aid to Pakistan for its support.
The U.S. and Afghanistan have sought to persuade
midlevel Taliban commanders to lay down their weapons in exchange for jobs
or cash. The most recent Afghan effort at starting a peace process took place
this week in Kabul.
But few Taliban have given up the fight, officials
say. Some Taliban commanders and U.S. officials say militant leaders are being
pressured by officers from Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence agency not
to surrender.
"The ISI wants to arrest commanders who
are not obeying [ISI] orders," said a Taliban commander in Kunar province.
U.S. officials say they have heard similar
reports from captured militants and those negotiating to lay down their arms.
A senior Pakistani official dismissed the
allegation, insisting Islamabad is fighting militants, not aiding them.
"Whenever anything goes wrong in Afghanistan,
ISI is to be blamed," said the senior Pakistani official. "Honestly,
they see ISI agents behind every bush in Afghanistan."
The explosive accusations of ISI efforts to
keep Taliban commanders on the battlefield are the strongest yet in a series
of U.S. criticisms of Pakistan, and show a deteriorating relationship with
an essential ally. The U.S. has provided billions of dollars in military and
development aid to Pakistan in return for its support for the Afghan war and
its own fight against extremists; the reports suggest some Pakistani officials
are undermining that strategy.
The Taliban commander in Kunar, like others
interviewed in recent days, said he remained opposed to the presence of foreign
troops in Afghanistan and had no plans to stop fighting them. But "the
ISI wants us to kill everyone-policemen, soldiers, engineers, teachers, civilians-just
to intimidate people," the commander said.
He said he refused, and that the ISI had tried
to arrest him. "Afghans are all brothers; tomorrow we could be sitting
together in one room."
The allegations of interference by the Pakistani
spy agency come amid a new U.S. strategic focus on Pakistan as key territory
in the Afghan war.
Gen. David Petraeus, who took over in July
as the top coalition commander in Afghanistan, has come to see militant havens
in Pakistan, from which the Afghan Taliban and Haqqani network of radicals
stage attacks in Afghanistan, as a greater threat than he had previously assessed
them to be, according to officials.
In September, Gen. Petraeus said Afghan President
Hamid Karzai had frequently raised the issue with him. "The biggest single
issue he typically raises has to do with the sanctuaries the Taliban and Haqqani
have in Pakistan. That is a concern we share. It is a concern he and I have
discussed with Pakistani partners," Gen. Petraeus said.
The new assessment has supported a ramped-up
campaign of Central Intelligence Agency drone strikes on militant targets
across the border, including targets believed to be involved in a plot to
launch attacks in Europe.
That shift has also brought debate in the
U.S. about how to approach Pakistani allies. For more than a year, U.S. military
officials have praised Pakistan's actions to confront militants in the tribal
areas bordering Afghanistan.
But U.S. officials have been voicing frustration
with what they see as Pakistan's focus on fighting extremists who pose a domestic
threat while avoiding militant groups that use Pakistani havens to stage attacks
across the border.
A White House report released to Congress
this week painted a grim picture of the Pakistani military's ability to defeat
insurgents in its tribal areas. Some Obama administration officials say the
U.S. must be more forceful with Pakistan to make it clear that Washington
wants more direct action against militants. Other say the public and private
criticism of Islamabad is likely to backfire.
Pakistan says its forces are stretched too
thin to fight all militants-particularly with some soldiers redeployed to
aid relief efforts from massive flooding this summer.
The ISI helped bring the Taliban to power
in Afghanistan in the 1990s. After the September 2001 terrorist attacks, Islamabad
officially broke with the movement and sided with the U.S.
U.S. officials have said since then that some
ISI elements maintained links to the Taliban and other Islamist extremist
groups to guarantee Pakistan's influence in Afghanistan after an eventual
American withdrawal.
Adm. Michael Mullen, chairman of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff, has repeatedly said elements within the ISI have had ties
with extremist organizations and has called on the intelligence agency to
"strategically shift its focus."
But the U.S. has generally muted its concerns
about ISI cooperation, in part because senior U.S. officials remain divided
on whether it is coming from rogue elements within the intelligence agency
or is fully sanctioned.
Some U.S. officials say the top levels of
the ISI are committed to trying to reform the agency. "It is difficult
to know how much the lower levels of ISI answer to senior leadership,"
said a military official.
Other officials are more skeptical, saying
such work couldn't go on without sanction from the ISI's top officers. "I
haven't seen evidence that the ISI is not in control of all of its parts,"
said a senior U.S. defense official.
U.S. officials say Pakistani pressure on midlevel
Taliban leaders is part of Islamabad's effort to make sure it has significant
leverage in peace efforts.
Those efforts range from the U.S.-backed strategy
to woo the Taliban rank-and-file to attempts by the Afghan government to open
high-level talks with the insurgency's leadership.
U.S. officials consider wooing Taliban fighters
to be a critical part of their strategy to pacify large swaths of Afghanistan
by next summer, so they can begin handing over territory to Afghan security
forces and drawing down American forces.
To drive up the number of militants willing
to give up the fight, the Afghan government has promised jobs or cash payouts.
U.S. special operations forces also hope to organize some former militants
into local police forces. And they are trying to give the process a boost
by targeting militants-in effect, scaring them into defecting.
U.S. officials also say that wooing fighters
could weaken the insurgency to the point where Taliban leaders would opt to
open substantive peace talks with the Afghan government on terms acceptable
to the West.
Much of the Taliban's top leadership is believed
to live in Pakistan, and Taliban field commanders say many of their colleagues
are close to the ISI.
"The ISI is supporting those under its
control with money, weapons and shelter on Pakistani soil," said a Taliban
commander from the southeastern province of Paktia.
U.S. officials concede that it would be hard,
if not impossible, to cut a peace deal in Afghanistan without Pakistan.
But in recent months, Pakistani officials
have voiced frustration with U.S. and Afghan officials for keeping them in
the dark about reconciliation efforts. Pakistani officials, fearful of an
Afghan regime that enjoys warm relations with archenemy India, insist they
have a role in brokering any peace settlement.
- Tom Wright contributed to this article.
